Ranging Radio Frequency Identification indoor positioning algorithm has the problem of large errors in positioning. An indoor positioning algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization based on Fireworks was proposed. The algorithm is divided into two stages: ranging and positioning. In the ranging stage, the Phase Difference of Arrival is used to measure the distance and construct the objective function to be optimized. In the positioning stage, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is improved. In order to improve the problem that particle swarm optimization is easy to fall into local extreme value during the iterative process, the explosion, mutation and selection operations of Fireworks Algorithm are introduced, the selection rules are improved; The algorithm also improves the speed update formula of particle swarm algorithm according to the firework explosion operator and mutation operator. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively locate the target, and the average error of positioning is 0.2773m, and compared with the indoor positioning algorithm based on the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm, it has a performance improvement of 39.61%.