To address the problems of untimely indoor air quality regulation and high energy consumption of ventilation system, this paper designs and implements a fuzzy PID-based indoor air quality measurement and control system. Firstly, the functions of data collection, data communication and fresh air control are achieved with STM32 microprocessor as the core, combined with various air quality sensors, communication module and control module, respectively. And the air quality software display platform is designed based on Java Web technology. Secondly, a fuzzy PID control algorithm is designed by selecting the representative indoor CO2 and TVOC as pollutant control indexes. Then, simulation verifies the effectiveness of the fuzzy PID controller by simplifying the ventilation system to a first-order pure hysteresis inertia link. Finally, the experimental results show that compared with the traditional control method, the system not only has fast regulation speed and high stability, but also saves 22.2% of system energy consumption, which has some application value.